Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial that represents one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice. Traditional diagnostic tests for DED, such as subjective questionnaires, tear film break-up time and Schirmer test, are often associated with poor reproducibility reliability, which make diagnosis, follow-up, management challenging. New advances imaging technologies enable objective reproducible measurements DED parameters, thus making diagnosis multimodal imaging-based process. The aim this review to summarize all current emerging tools available monitoring non-invasive breakup time, thermography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, meibography, interferometry, vivo confocal microscopy, quality assessment. Although there not gold standard technique, new multi-imaging-integrated devices precious instruments help clinicians better cope complexity DED.